As the most frequent and costly large claims dealt with by the UK P&I Club concern cargo, managers Thomas Miller are constantly concerned about the procedures and practices which give rise to them. Cargo claims over $100,000 comprise about 40 per cent of the Club total and 27 per cent of all settlement costs, spread across a wide spectrum of commercial shipping activity. Containers, dry bulk, steel products and bagged bulk each account for 11 to 13 per cent of claims with reefer-bulk, general, bulk chemicals and oil products each exceeding five per cent. Equipment, mechanical and structural failure together are far outstripped by human error as the sole or major cause of incidents giving rise to claims. Human error costs the Club around $21 million a year in large cargo claims alone.