On June 30, 2008, in the case of United States v. Jho, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed a ruling of the US District Court for the Eastern District of Texas and held that it was not a violation of international law for the federal government to prosecute an owner of a foreign ship and a chief engineer for violation of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) by failing to correctly maintain the ship's oil record book (ORB). The court went further and ruled that each time the ship called on a US port with the falsely maintained ORB constituted a separate offense. The sentencing aspects of those separate violations were remanded to the district court for consideration. The implications of that decision are only beginning to be understood.